Ch. 1.1 The cell is the basic unit of a living thing.

Vocabulary Words: cell, genetic material, organism, theory, unicellular, multicellular, microscope, bacteria

Review 1.1
1. organization, growth and development, response to environment, reproduction

2. It allowed people to see cells. Before the microscope humans did not realize that life could be so small.

3. Every living thing is made of one or more cells; cells carry out the functions needed to support life; cells come only from other living cells.

4. The cell theory is widely accepted and explains observations of nature, and is supported by evidence such as Pasteur´s experiments.

5. multicellular: many cells, complex, easier to see; unicellular: one cell, cannot be seen directly; both: need energy, materials, and living space

6. In Pasteur´s experiment, bacteria did not grow spontaneously. They came from the environment, which indicates that cells come from other cells.

WELCOME BACK TO SCHOOL

Welcome 7th Grade Students to Ms. Silvia´s Biology blog. Here you will be able to see the lessons that we are working on in class. The vocabulary and answers to the reviews will be posted here. You will also be able to see exciting videos and power point presentations.



Here is the list of your obligations in Biology class.

1. Respect and discipline are a must for a safe learning environment.
2. Students must be in the classroom when the teacher enters. Any student that arrives late to class must have a written notice from a teacher to be able to enter.
3. Shirts must be tucked in at all times.
4. Students must always speak English.
5. Books and notebooks must be kept in good condition.
6. Use blue or black pen to write in notebooks and to answer quizzes. You may answer questions in your notebook in pencil so that you can make corrections.
7. Homework should be turned in on time. The consecuence for not doing so is a zero.
8. Your work must be done with correct spelling and good penmanship.
9. Your notebook is an important study tool so make sure that it is always complete.
10. Participation is necessary and mandatory.
11. Quizzes must be pasted in notebook and signed by parent. Points will be taken off if not done so.

Ch. 11.4 Many plants reproduce with flowers and fruit.

Vocabulary: angiosperm, flower, fruit

Review:
1. Ovary of flower becomes fruit.
2. Some animals feed on nectar, carrying pollen from flower to flower. Others eat fruit and disperse seeds as waste.
3. Sample answers: oxygen, food, material, coal and gas, wood, paper, fabric, medecine
4. flowering plants because insects feed on nectar and fruit
5. Upper part of pistil becomes stem, fertilized eggs become seeds, ovary becomes fruit.

Ch. 20.3 The reproductive system allows the production of offspring..

Vocabulary: menstruation, fertilization, embryo, fetus

Review:
1. male: makes sperm cells; female: makes egg cells; nourishes offspring until birth
2. Hormone stimulates eggs in ovary to develop. Hormone signals egg to move through fallopian tube to uterus.
3. Embryo is ball of cells; fetus has beginnings of features, organs, and skeleton.
4. Fertilized egg moves down fallopian tube; it divides and continues as a ball of cells; forms an embryo; embryo implants in uterus.
5. signal cells in testes to develop into sperm; signal ovaries to release eggs
6. Hormones from endocrine system signal sexual development. In females, hormones make egg develop and make ovary release it.

Ch. 4.3 Meiosis is a special form of cell division.

Vocabulary: gamete, egg, sperm, fertilization, meiosis.

Review:
1. A gamete (haploid)
2. A sperm and an egg combine to form a new cell.
3. Meiosis produces 4 1n gametes instead of 2 2n cells. It involves 2 divisions after DNA is copied, rather than 1 division after DNA is copied.
4. ProphaseI: one cell contains twice usual number of chromosomes for species; prophase II; two cells each with two copies of one homolog of each chromosome pair.
5. Meiosis: produces 4 1n cells, 2 divisions; mitosis: produces 2 2n cells, one division; both: DNA copied, chromosomes divide, new cells form.
6. One cell divides twice, so one cell produces four. The cells are 1n because DNA was only copied only once.

4.1 and 4.2

4.1 Living things inherit traits in patterns.

Vocabulary: sexual reproduction, gene, heredity, allele, phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive

Review:

1. Acquired traits are not determined by genes; inherited traits are.

2. Inherited traits are controlled by two factors, and one factor can mask another.

3. recessive

4. Genotype desribes the genes that code for traits; phenotype desribes the traits that are expressed.

5. If a person has one recessive and one dominant allele, the dominant allele will be expressed. So a person can have a recessive allele and it will not show in the phenotype.

6. Brown; the parents must both carry two recessive genes for brown fur, otherwise a single dominant black allele makes them black.

4.2 Patterns of heredity can be predicted.

Vocabulary: Punnette square, ratio, probability, percentage

Review:

1. They show how the parent´s alleles may be passed on to offspring.

2. Ratios compare one number to another number. A percentage is a ratio that compares a number to 100.

3. Determine each possible outcome. Represent it as a ratio in fraction form. Multiply by 100 to find the percentage.

4. Two blocks have one recessive and one dominant allele. One block has two dominant alleles, and one block has two recessive alleles. The chance for each possible outome is 75 perent purple and 25 percent for white.

5. The probability is 25 percent. Two blocks will show one recessive and one dominant allele. One block will show two dominant alleles. One block will show two recessive alleles.

3.3 Both sexual and asexual reproduction involve cell division.

Vocabulary: asexual reproduction, binary fission, regeneration
Review:
1. They are the same in prokaryotes.
2. A bud is a bump on the body of a parent that grows until it forms a new organism genetically identical to the parent. In some organisms buds can form anywhere, but in other organisms, buds form at specific places with specialized cells.
3. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent, has a rapid rate, and produces identical offspring. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring that have genetic material from both parents.
4. No, because regeneration only happens in multicellular organisms, and prokaryotes are unicellular.
5. Eukaryotic organisms do not undergo binary fission.
6. The offspring would hve more genetic variation.