Ch. 4.1 and 4.2

4.1 Living things inherit traits in patterns.

Vocabulary: sexual reproduction, gene, heredity, allele, phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive

Review:

1. Acquired traits are not determined by genes; inherited traits are.

2. Inherited traits are controlled by two factors, and one factor can mask another.

3. recessive

4. Genotype desribes the genes that code for traits; phenotype desribes the traits that are expressed.

5. If a person has one recessive and one dominant allele, the dominant allele will be expressed. So a person can have a recessive allele and it will not show in the phenotype.

6. Brown; the parents must both carry two recessive genes for brown fur, otherwise a single dominant black allele makes them black.

4.2 Patterns of heredity can be predicted.

Vocabulary: Punnette square, ratio, probability, percentage

Review:

1. They show how the parent´s alleles may be passed on to offspring.

2. Ratios compare one number to another number. A percentage is a ratio that compares a number to 100.

3. Determine each possible outcome. Represent it as a ratio in fraction form. Multiply by 100 to find the percentage.

4. Two blocks have one recessive and one dominant allele. One block has two dominant alleles, and one block has two recessive alleles. The chance for each possible outome is 75 perent purple and 25 percent for white.

5. The probability is 25 percent. Two blocks will show one recessive and one dominant allele. One block will show two dominant alleles. One block will show two recessive alleles.

Colegio San Patricio
4th Period Biology Quiz #2
School Year 2010-2011
Name_____________________________________________________List#__________
Date_____________________________________________________________7th_____
I. Write the vocabulary word that goes next to the following definitions.

1. _______________A cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water and breathes with gills when its young; as an adult, it moves onto land and breathes air with lungs.
2. _______________The process of keeping eggs warm by bodily heat until they hatch.
3. _______________A cold-blooded vertebrate that has skin covered with scales or horny plates and has lungs.

II. Write true or false.
4. Ectotherms have a constant body temperature. __________
5. Amphibians take in oxygen through their smooth, moist skin. __________
6. Down feathers allow birds to fly. __________
7. Endotherms need to eat more often than ectotherms to produce body heat. _________

III. Answer the following questions.
8. Write 3 adaptations that make flight possible for birds.
_________________________________________________________________________
9. A crocodile was lying in the sun for an hour. When it slides into the cool river, how will its body temperature change? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IV. Compare and Contrast amphibians and reptiles. Draw a venn diagram and write 2 things on how they are the same and two things on how they are different.

Quiz #1

Colegio San Patricio 4th Period Biology Quiz #1 I. Match the words with their definitions. 8 pts. respiratory system cellular respiration vertebrate endoskeleton scale 1. ____________ An internal support system, such as a skeleton made of bone tissue. 2. ____________ An animal with an internal back bone. 3. ____________ A system that interacts with other body systems to bring oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide. 4. ____________ A process in which cells use oxygen to release energy stored in sugars. II. Write true or false. 7 pts. each. 5. The diaphragm prevents food and liquids from entering the lungs. ____________ 6. The alveoli is where gas exchange occurs. _______ 7. An endoskeleton makes it easier for animals to move. _______ 8. Most young fish develop inside an egg. _______ III. Answer the following questions. 10 pts. each. 9. Name a feature from each of these groups: Cartilaginous fish:__________________________________________________ Jawless fish:_______________________________________________________ Bony fish__________________________________________________________ 10. Write 3 examples of vertebrates: ___________________________________________________________________ 11. In addition to breathing, what functions does the respiratory system perform? Name at least 2. ___________________________________________________________________ 12. How is the air that you inhale different than the air that you exhale? ___________________________________________________________________

Ch. 3.3 Both secual and asexual reproduction involve cell division.

Vocabulary: asexual reproduction, binary fission, regeneration
Review:
1. They are the same in prokaryotes.
2. A bud is a bump on the body of a parent that grows until it forms a new organism genetically identical to the parent. In some organisms buds can form anywhere, but in other organisms, buds form at specific places with specialized cells.
3. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent, has a rapid rate, and produces identical offspring. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring that have genetic material from both parents.
4. No, because regeneration only happens in multicellular organisms, and prokaryotes are unicellular.
5. Eukaryotic organisms do not undergo binary fission.
6. The offspring would hve more genetic variation.

CH. 3.2 Celll division is part of the cell cycle.

Mitosis Silviasalas

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Vocabulary: cell cycle, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

Review:

1. interphase and cell division

2. two complete sets of DNA, twice the size of when it was first formed

3. They are identical.

4. Chromosomes form (prophase), chromosomes line up (metaphase), chromosomes separate (anaphase), nuclei form (telophase).

5. In both plant and animal cells, cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm. In plant cells a cell plate forms and becomes a new cell wall and cell membrane. In animal cells, the cell membrane pulls inward and pinches into two new cells.

6. Yes, because cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, and prokaryotes have cytoplasm to divide.

CH. 3.1 Cell diviion occurs in all organisms.

Vocabulary: DNA, chromosome

Review:

1. It leads to growth, development, and repair.

2. It condenses and forms chromosomes.

3. Cells divide to make more cells, which allow multicellular organisms to grow. As cells divide, they can specialize.

4. It wraps in coils around proteins, and then compacts further as it arranges into chromosomes.

5. Skin cells wear out quickly, so they duplicate frequently. Brain cells usually last a long time and do not replace themselves often. Skin heals faster because its cells are better equipped to replace themselves.

13.3 Birds meet their needs on land, in water, and in the air.

Vocabulary: endotherm, incubation

13.3 Review
1. Endotherms need to consume food to produce body heat.
2. Down feathers provide insulation. Contour feathers protect the body.
3. feathers; fused and hollow bones, air sacs, crop and gizzard, keen sight and hearing
4. Both birds and reptiles lay eggs with shells. Bird eggs have hard shells while the shells of reptiles´ eggs are flexible. Most reptiles do not incubate their eggs.
5. Flight requires a great deal of energy. If food was plentiful and there was little threat of predation, the birds may no need to fly.

Birdsnotes1

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13.2 Amphibians and reptiles are adapted for life on land.

Vocabulary: amphibian, reptile, ectotherm

13.2 Reveiw
1. limbs, lungs, sensory organs adapted for land
2. born with lungs, eggs have shells
3. Its body temperature should go down. The water will cool its body.
4. Diagrams should include adaptations, methods of reproduction, and how animals obtain oxygen.
5. Sample answer: a more streamlined body in sea turtle, webbing on feet of sea turtle, better underwater eyesight and other senses, and more lung capacity in sea turtle
6. Answers should include how environmental factors affect survival rates.

Bullying

BBC HD - Life 2009 - Ep 2 - Reptiles and Amphibians-00

BBC HD - Life 2009 - Ep 2 - Reptiles and Amphibians-01

Reptiles

Vertebrates are animals with endoskeletons.

Vocabulary: vertebrates, endoskeleton

13.1 Review
1. because they have an endoskeleton that includes vertebrae, or a backbone
2. gills, a swim bladder, a lateral line, fins, streamlined body
3. Jawless: no jaw, tube-shaped body;
Cartilaginous: skeleton made of cartilage
Bony: skeleton made of bone, scales
4. Sample Answers: similar coloration, body shapes, and similarities in behavior
5. A fish tht retained the eggs inside its body would produce fewer eggs than one that laid its eggs in water. However, eggs protected inside the parent´s body would be less vulnerable to predators.
6. Sharks are very well adapted to their environment and have been able to meet their needs without changing.

Vertebrates

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Ch. 18.1 The Respiratory System

Lesson Vocabulary: respiratory system, cellular respiration
18.1 Review
1. in the respiration process, to release energy
2. Nose, throat, trachea, and bronchial tubes carry air in and out of the lungs, where gas exchange occurs. Diaphragm and ribs move to cause lungs to expand.
3. also filters air and aids in speaking, couphing, sneezing
4. Diaphragm relaxes up to its original position, pushing lungs upward. At the same time, ribs move inward, collapsing lungs inward. Air moves out of lungs through bronchial tubes into trachea, then into throat and out nose or mouth.
5. Air you inhale contains more O2 and less CO2 than air you exhale.
6. Energy is expended when you exercise; rapid breathing brings more O2 into the body, which can add more energy.

SCIENCE FAIR BOOKLET FORMAT

Use white bond paper, letter size, 1 inch or 2.5 cm of margin around the page. All the information is double-spaced using only Century Gothic, font with font size 12 and black.
The alignment of the information goes towards the left side, including the Heading. The only thing that goes centered is the Main Title, simple format; without bold or underlined. At the beginning of each paragraph, there must be 5 spaces or a Tab. It is very important to consider that the school’s name should be written in Spanish even when the text is in English. Titles do not have period at the end, and they can go with capital letter only at the beginning of each important word within itself. Punctuation with the modernity of the word processors has also changed. After a period, colon, semicolon, question mark or exclamation mark there will only be one space.
In case you use quotations or parentheses, the necessary punctuation, colon and semicolon as well as the period before closing it, goes inside the parentheses or quotations.
The page number will always be in the right upper corner of each page.
In case of including tables or figures, they should be numbered and labeled as "Table" or "Figure" according to each case.


Table 1 Main facts when formatting
Font size 12
Fonts Century Gothic
Font Color Black
Alignment for text and heading Left
Alignment for title Center
Line spacing Double spaced

5.3 Modern genetics uses DNA technology.

Lesson Vocabulary:
selective breeding, genetic engineering

5.3 Review
1. A GM organism has had a gene from another species transferred to its DNA.
2. sequencing the 3 billion nucleotide pairs in human DNA
3. Sample answer: add nutrients to foods, produce new and better drugs, increase food production, and screen for genetic disorders
4. selective breeding- selecting parent organisms to pass on traits to offspring; genetic engineering- isolating specific DNA, inserting it into another organism; both- producing organisms with desirable traits
5. no, because the trait is now coded for in all the organism´s cells
6. Sample answer: because it comes from a more natural source, or a source more similar to that of a healthy human

Genetic Engineering

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15.2 Organisms act in different ways.

Lesson Vocabulary:
predator, prey, competition, cooperation, symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

15.2 Review
1. compete for mates, cooperate for resources
2. compete, cooperate, or form symbiotic relationships
3. Sample answer: mutualism- bee and flower; commensalism- fish and jellyfish; parasitism- tapeworms in humans
4. Sample answer: Bittersweet competes with trees for space and sunlight, and has stunted their growth.
5. In a predator-prey relationship, one species benefits and the other is harmed. Parisitism is similar, but the effect is more dramatic because the parasite relies on its host for survival.
6. Sample answer: Tropical rainforests and coral reefs have many moe species than other ecosystems; more opportunities for mutualism.

10.3 Animals are consumers.

Vocabulary: consumer, heterotroph, behavior, predator, prey, migration, hibernation

Review:

1. Animals must consume food to live.

2. digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system

3. an observable response to a stimulus

4. individual: grooming, eating, sleeping; within species: parenting, mating, herding; between species: preying, scavenging

5. Migration and hibernation are both responses to changes in seasons. Migration involves moving between locations, while hibernation involves entering a dormant state.

6. Energy is captured by a plant, then captured by a herbivore that eats the plant, then captured by a carnivore that eats the herbivore. Energy flows from plant to herbivore to carnivore.

Feeding

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10.2 Plants are producers.

Lesson Vocabulary: photosynthesis, autotroph, celluluar respiration, stimulus

Review:

1. photosynthesis; sugar and starch

2. Light: plants grow toward the light; Touch: peas have tendrils that wrap around nearby objects; Gravity: stems grow up and roots grow down.

3. Some plants produce flowers only in autumn or winter. Shortened hours of daylight cause some trees to become dormant.

4. Sample answers: Rapid life cycle gives plants a better chance to reproduce. Odors protect plants from animals that want to eat them. Plants that grow in poor soil get nutrients from insects.

5. A higher level of auxin on one side of a tendril causes the tendril to bend toward the other side.

Food Production & The Environment

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Science Fair

Hello 7th grade Biology students. This period we will be working on the Science Fair. Here are the steps of the Scientific Method and some links to help you find some interesting science fair topics. Remember that this year we want you to be creative with your topics and that they have to be based on Biology.

Science Fair Categories

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Ch. 11.1 Plants are adapted to living on land.

Vocabulary: vascular system, transpiration

Review

1. Plants are multicellular with cells that have a nucleus and a cell wall. They are producers and have a two-stage life cycle.

2. A leaf is suited for photosynthesis, having cells with many chloroplasts at its surface. Xylem brings in water. Stomata let in carbon dioxide. The cuticle keeps water in. Phloem transports sugars.

3. xylem and phloem

4. Stomata, regulate the amount of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor that enters and exits the plant.

5. Soft-stemmed plants have green stems, with cells that have chloroplasts. Woody stems are brown or grey; the cells do not have chloroplasts.

6. Plants differ in height. Some are soft-stemmed. Some are woody. They live in many different environments. Yet the basic structure is the same: roots, stems, leaves. All rely on photosynthesis to get needed energy and materials.

Ch. 2.2 Cells capture and release energy.

Lesson Vocabulary: chemical energy, glucose, photosynthesis, chlorophyll, cellular respiration

Review

1. Glucose; most cells store their energy in glucose.

2. It produces food for most organisms.

3. glucose and oxygen

4. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis both produce energy, but the starting materials and the products are reversed in the two processes. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to convert energy to glucose. Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water.

5. They would die. They need oxygen for cellular respiration.

6. Cellular respiration is like breathing because when you exhale, carbon dioxide and water leave your body. When you inhale, oxygen enters your body.